Adolescent Adult Sensory Profile User's Manual
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The Adult Sensory Profile™ in Care Homes Targeting People Diagnosed with Dementia: A Qualitative Study from the Care Provider Perspective
1Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
2Municipality of Aalborg, Denmark
Correspondence should be addressed to ; kd.evil@nvaryabnekiam
Received 2 January 2018; Revised 8 June 2018; Accepted 26 July 2018; Published 5 August 2018
Academic Editor: Velio Macellari
Copyright © 2018 Maiken Bay Ravn et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Sensory Profile 2 Adult
Introduction. The background of this study is the pilot testing of the Adolescent /Adult Sensory Profile (A/ASP) in dementia units at municipal nursing homes. Based on the results from therapists’ A/ASP assessment, recommendations are made according to individual needs and forwarded to the health care providers. This study looks into the health care providers’ perspective on the usability of these recommendations. Aim. The aim of this qualitative study is to explore the health care providers’ perspective on the usability of recommendations derived from the A/ASP during a pilot testing of the profile in dementia units for people living with severe dementia. Methods. Participant observations and informal and formal interviews with health care providers at five municipal dementia units during the pilot testing of the A/ASP. Results. In the health care provider perspective, the A/ASP is a relevant and useful tool to use when behavioural challenges among residents living with dementia occur. However, in their opinion, it requires time, adjustment, and further education if recommendations are to be fully implemented in everyday practice at the dementia units.
1. Introduction
Dementia is a neurodegenerative syndrome resulting in functional, cognitive, and behavioural changes that may result in reduced ability to perform daily activities. The accuracy of sensory information registration is also reduced, affecting the perception and processing of sensory information [1]. Symptoms may vary from mood changes to depression, agitation, anxiety, wandering, and behavioural dysregulation [2–4]. The behavioural changes have an enormous impact on everyday lives of patients and relatives and can pose a challenge to health care providers [5]. Due to dementia being incurable, therapy and care aim to improve and maintain daily functioning [3, 5], and both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions are offered [6, 7].
Emotion-, behaviour-, and cognitive-oriented interventions and sensory stimulation are often used as nonpharmacological interventions [2, 6]. Sensory stimulation interventions aim to increase peoples quality of life (QoL) by stimulating the senses, increasing alertness, helping control behaviour, reducing agitation, and helping people feel safe [2, 3]. However, the ability to process and respond to sensory information is seldom taken into consideration when implementing sensory stimulating interventions [1]. This possesses a need to assess the individual sensory processing ability.
The Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (A/ASP) is an instrument developed by Brown and Dunn to assess the sensory ability [8]. The A/ASP is based on the Sensory Profile, a sensory-motor test investigating the sensory ability of children with dysfunctions such as autism [9]. A/ASP is a modified version of Sensory Profile and measures the sensory ability of individuals from 11 to 65 years of age [8]. The instrument is based on 60 items divided into six different categories: auditory, visual, smell/taste, touch, movement, and activity level. The evaluation identifies four sensory processing patterns: low registration, sensation seeking, sensory sensitivity, and sensation avoiding [10]. Based on the results from A/ASP, recommendations for rehabilitation can be made according to the individual needs. A study from Brown et al. (2000) supports the reliability and validity of the A/ASP as distinct constructs of sensory processing preferences. However, the study highlights that further exploration of target populations is needed [10].
The Municipality of Aalborg pilot tested in 2016 the A/ASP in dementia units in some of the municipal nursing homes. The aim of the pilot testing was to evaluate whether the recommendations derived from the A/ASP could be used to reduce and prevent behavioural challenges posed by people living with severe dementia and help develop a better work environment. Overall, the evaluation showed a significant reduction in behavioural changes for people living with dementia which had an impact on the work environment. However, in cases where the recommendations were poorly implemented, no or only little effects were reported. This posed the need for further investigation of health care providers’ perspective on the usability of the A/ASP.
Magellan roadmate 7732t-lm user manual. The aim of this qualitative study is to explore the health care providers’ perspective on the usability of recommendations derived from the A/ASP during the pilot testing of the profile in dementia units for people living with severe dementia.
2. Method
The study was designed as a qualitative study with formal and informal individual interviews and participant observations at the dementia units involved in the pilot testing of the A/ASP at municipal nursing homes.
2.1. Settings
The pilot testing of the A/ASP took place from February to June 2016 at five dementia units. The included dementia units were specialised units for people living with severe dementia, housing eight till 15 residents that lived in a small apartment with dual living/bedroom, kitchenette, and bathroom.
During the pilot testing of A/ASP the sensory abilities of 30 residents were assessed by a physiotherapist or an occupational therapist. The assessment was based on information gathered from the primary health care providers, as the person with dementia had difficulties in answering questions about their sensory ability. Based on the assessment the physiotherapist or the occupational therapist made recommendations for each resident and presented these to the health care provider in charge of handing over the information to the rest of the staff.
2.2. Inclusion Criteria for Interviews
The inclusion criteria for both formal and informal interviews were health care providers that had been involved in the pilot testing of A/ASP and used the recommendations in their daily work with residents and with a minimum of 3 months’ experience in using these recommendations.
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2.3. Participants Involved in the Formal Interviews
Five health care providers were involved in the pilot testing of A/ASP, who had attended meetings with a therapist and were responsible for bringing forward the recommendations to their colleagues at the dementia unit. The participants were educated as health care helpers or health care assistants, with an education ranging in length from 14 months to 2 years and 9 months. Participants were 36 to 63 years of age.
2.4. Participants Involved in the Informal Interviews
Eight health care providers which had received the A/ASP recommendations from their colleague participated in the informal interviews during the observations made at the dementia units. All were educated as health care helpers or assistants.
Sensory Profile User's Manual
2.5. Data Collection
The data collection took place from May till June 2016, while the pilot testing of the A/ASP took place. Data was collected over the duration of three to four visits which lasted three to four hours at each of the dementia units. The data collection involved participant observations and informal and formal individual interviews, lasting from 45 minutes till one hour. The interview guide used during the data collection was structured into three main themes:(1)What are your experiences in using recommendations from A/ASP?(2)Are there any challenges in using recommendations from A/ASP in your daily practices, and which?(3)What do you think are the future challenges in using recommendations from A/ASP?
Observations and informal interviews were used to gain a deeper understanding of the context in which the A/ASP was pilot tested. Open-ended questions were used: “How do you use the recommendations form A/ASP in your work?” and “How do the recommendations from the A/ASP affect the manner in which you work?” and focused questions, e.g., “I observed that …,” I noticed that…,” “Can you tell me what you did and how you have used the recommendations from the A/ASP?”
Adult Sensory Profile Checklist
Participant observations were inspired by James Spradleys’ approach to participant observation and planned in three phases: a descriptive, a focused, and a selective phase [11]. During the descriptive phase, an overall impression of the context for pilot testing the A/ASP was obtained, and field notes about the physical environment, the daily routines, and the interaction between health care providers and residents at the dementia units were taken. After a few visits at the dementia units, the more focused and selective phases entailed, observing the health care providers involved in using the recommendations from A/ASP in their daily work. In the selective phase, observations and formal interviews were conducted exclusively with the health care providers who were involved in the pilot testing and in charge of handling information to the rest of staff. Field notes from observations were read and used to plan the formal individual interviews of health care providers. These interviews aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the health care provider’s individual experiences of using and bringing forward recommendations from A/ASP.
Sensory Profile Questionnaire For Adults
2.6. Analysis
The formal interviews of health care providers involved in meetings with therapists and in charge of bringing forward the recommendations to the rest of staff were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Field notes from observations and informal interviews with health care providers who received the recommendations from a colleague were used in the analysis. The analysis was inspired by Margrit Schreier’s inductive and data-driven approach to content analysis [12]. A coding frame helped to distinguish between relevant and irrelevant parts by focusing only on data passages targeting the aim of the study. A matrix was used to illustrate and present the identified main categories with corresponding subcategories (Table 1).